Sir Arthur Conan Doyle And Poe The Form Of Detective...

Poe earned respect during his lifetime as a gifted author and poet, but it was not until after his death that his ingenuity truly made itself known in the form of long-lasting legacies. Effect on Detective Stories. As previously mentioned, Poe essentially singlehandedly created the detective story with his 1841 piece â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue,† establishing unspoken rules and tropes still currently associated with the genre (Montague 167). Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of the legendary 1892 collection of short stories The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, once said: â€Å"Where was the detective story before Poe breathed the breath of life into it?† (Montague 167). Doyle and Poe’s stories share an assortment of parallels: Holmes and Dupin†¦show more content†¦Another science fiction pioneer, Jules Verne, also admired Poe – in â€Å"Five Weeks in a Balloon,† an explorer travels across Africa in a hot air balloon, a story influenced by â€Å"The Balloon Hoax,† where Poe wrote a plausible account of a balloon trip across the Atlantic Ocean (Montague 169). One of Verne’s most distinguished novels, â€Å" Around the World in Eighty Days,† in which the main character lies, cheats, and generally goes to great lengths to prove in a bet that he can travel the world in eighty days, was based upon the same general concept as Poe’s â€Å"Three Sundays in a Week,† in which a couple uses the International Date Line after being challenged to experience three Sundays in the same week (Montague 169). Just as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle is an authoritative source in the world of detective stories, Wells and Verne’s admiration of Poe as a writer not only aided in carrying on Poe’s legacy, but they also hold inherent weight as judges of his work. Though Poe’s influence on science fiction is less direct than his influence on the detective story, his impact is still significant. Effect on Horror Stories. Although he has made many contributions to modern literature, the genre that Poe is arguably the most known for influencing is horror. Unfortunately, after Poe’s death in 1849, his reputation was butchered by Rufus Griswold, an editor who criticized Poe as â€Å"cynical,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesIt took many tries for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle to get the story right. In fact, Sherlock Holmes wasn t even in the first draft! In a later draft with Sherlock Holmes first appearance, John Reeves, an experienced policeman was the main character while Sherlock Holmes came in as a man by the name of Sheringford Holmes, where he makes a brief cameo in the beginning (Cawthorne 14). John Reeves also had a roommate named â€Å"Ormond Sacker† who would later become John Watson (Cawthorne 14)! How did thisRead More Detective Fiction Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Essay1802 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"for a boo k to be described as detective fiction there must be a central mystery and one that by the end of the book is solved satisfactorily and logically, not by good luck or intuition, but by intelligent deduction from clues honestly if deceptively presented.† (James. 2009: 16). This is traditionally conducted via a detective; a figure deployed within the narrative structure ‘whose occupation is to investigate crimes’ (Oxford. 2006: 202). Therefore detective fiction represents an enigma, aRead MoreMurder Of The American Detective1694 Words   |  7 PagesPoe’s more famous literary works. Arguably. Poe may be called the father of the American detective story with his trilogy involving Det. Dupin in Murders in the Rue Morgue, the Purloined Letter, and the Mystery of Marie Roget. Poe uses the peculiar eccentricities of hero Detective C. Augustus Dupin to make these mysteries enthralling to the reader. Dupin is purported to be the forerunner to Sir Arthur Conan D oyle’s genius detective Sherlock Holmes. Poe created a new genre that captivated the imaginationRead MoreAssessing the Significance of the Cityscape to the Narrative of Detection: The Sign of Four, and Farewell, My Lovely2477 Words   |  10 PagesThe Sign of Four is a detective novel written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, which was published in 1890. It is Conan Doyle’s second novel to feature detective Sherlock Holmes. Sherlock Holmes is a master detective, known for his deduction skills, disguises and most importantly, his use of the city as means of solving mysteries. The cityscape plays a significant role in the narrative of The Sign of Four. Conan Doyle uses real places found in London in The Sign of Four. It gives the novel a degreeRead MoreSherlock Holmes: A Marxist Deconstruction Essay example2110 Words   |  9 Pagesaverage mind, the layer of intrigue that glosses over such puzzles makes for a heady combination of the literary and the popular. In the canon of detective fiction worldwide, no detective has tickled the curious reader’s imagination and held it in thrall as much as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes. The 221-B, Baker Street, London ‘amateur’ detective combines a rare blend of intellectual prowess and sharp wit to crack a series of baffling riddles. The aim of this somewhat ambitiouslyRead MoreConan Doyle : A Middle Child1709 Words   |  7 PagesConan Doyle was a middle child; the middle child’s characteristics are described as a mixture of the first and second born. Conan Doyle can fit into this definition perfectly. As a young adult, he was intent on taking care of his family, namely his mother and siblings. He housed them and supported them financially, even before he was rich. He spent a great majority of his life chasing achievement; at first it was the achievements others (family, teachers, influential people in his life) wanted forRead MoreThe Role Of Women In Edgar Allan PoeS Life And Writings.1968 Words   |  8 PagesEdgar Allan Poe s Life and Writings Edgar Allan Poe is known for his dark tales of horror, twisted poems, and as the originator of detective fiction. While the opinions of his works are many and various, the impact and influence of his writings cannot be denied. In fact, one writer Poe inspired was Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, author of The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Doyle has said that he feels Poe s stories were a model for all time (Hertzfeld 2012). Doyle was inspired by Poe s three detectiveRead MoreThe Golden Age of Detective Fiction1045 Words   |  4 Pages   Golden Age of detective fiction involved the genre apex that embodied different relevant elements that made a form appealing. It involves the collection of the created atmosphere in novels, the complex solved puzzle. The puzzle was solved by sheer with or with no modern forensic science help and the nostalgia that provoked the people to continue reading the novel. Even as authors like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Edgar Allan Poe gave birth to the modern story of detection, the Golden age authorsRead MoreA Research on the Work of Edgar Allan Poe1750 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe Research Paper Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809. He is considered a part of the American Romanticism period. He is best known for his works of mystery and psychological terror. Poe is recognized for his gothic tales of mystery, death, terror, puzzles, and psychological problems (poets.org). He has influenced many writers including Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, the author of the Sherlock Holmes series. Poe was different than other authors in that he was influenced by hisRead MoreEssay Biography of Edgar Allan Poe3244 Words   |  13 PagesBiography of Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe is a man who is considered to be a true American genius of our time, and by many, the personification of death. His works have been collected and celebrated for over a hundred years from this day. He was a man who’s dreary horror tales captured and frightened the minds of millions. Poe differed from most other acclaimed writers though. The readers of his work do not admire him because they fall in love with his characters or because his writing touches

Brazil And The United States - 954 Words

Compare and Contrast Most people have the idea that the United States of America is a country that has been outstanding in every subject, but that is not the case anymore. There are other countries that are gradually building up and restoring themselves. Brazil is a country that has had many difficult situations to deal with, specifically with drug violence. Even though Brazil is struggling, they are trying their best to defeat current situations and they are gradually restoring order. In the near future, Brazil will be hosting the 2016 Olympics: many situations will occur because of this, so they are trying to prepare. All over the planet people have different views and etiquettes. Many countries are alike to one another but there are differences that others may disagree with. The United States and Brazil have country characteristics that are similar and different. Brazil and the United States are similar and different because of culture, the economy and education. Culture is what i nitially shapes the country’s people to act and react to situations a certain way, while another country may act differently. Brazil’s primary language is Portuguese and the most reoccurring religion is Roman Catholic. The United States official language is English and most citizens are Protestants. A regular value displayed in families is the normality to have more children to have a larger family (Brazil-Language, Culture, Customs, and Etiquettes). In the US most citizens have at the mostShow MoreRelatedThe United States And Brazil1289 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The United States and Brazil have similarities nevertheless numerous dissimilarities associated with health care. First and foremost let’s get things straight, The United States is an industrialized nation that has nearly 323 million residents. Besides, it has the most significant economy globally, due to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is around $16.77 trillion (World Bank, 2014). Alternatively, Brazil is an up-and-coming country, with more than 204 million of populaces andRead MoreBrazil : The United States1506 Words   |  7 PagesBrazil Coming to the United States from Brazil can be achieved with a Visa, but many come to the United States with the plan on not returning back to their country so they end up staying in the United States for good as immigrants. In 1990 approximately one million Brazilians where living outside of their country. Many of these immigrants got offered jobs in the hospitality and service industries in southern Florida, California and northeastern metropolitan areas. Brazilians that are considered upperRead MoreUnited States Vs. Brazil901 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States vs. Brazil Child Poverty Poverty is where one person or a group of people don’t have enough money and recourses to meet needs that are considered acceptable in the general public. Although there has been effort to prevent poverty, it is still rampant around the world. 3 billion people live on less than $2.50 a day while 1.3 billion of those people live on less than $1.50 a day. Poverty also affects children. Every 4 seconds a child dies of poverty. 1 billion children live in povertyRead MoreBrazil and United States Healthcare2227 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ A Comparative Analysis of Health Care Professionals in Brazil to Those in the United States Abstract The topic of health care has become the most pressing and ongoing debates for not only the United States but also many other nations around the world. Many countries have implemented a universal health coverage for years with effective results. While the United States steps into a immature national health care program, the government can observe Brazil’s health care systemRead MoreUnited States Vs. Brazil Race1244 Words   |  5 PagesElena Martinez University 175 5/1/2015 United States vs. Brazil race categorizing and history â€Å"Think about race in its universality. Where is your measurement device? There is no way to measure race. We sometimes do it by skin color, other people may do it by hair texture - other people may have the dividing lines different in terms of skin color. What is black in the United States is not what s black in Brazil or what s black in South Africa.†-Dr.Goodman, Race: The Power of an Illusion EarlierRead MoreDriving between Brazil and the United States1219 Words   |  5 Pagesuse the same rules. Brazil and the United States; however, have some differences in formulation the rules for someone to get a drive license, the rules laid down in traffic , also when comparing the two countries , is observed a totally different behavior of drivers in traffic . These three factors are essential to define the key differences in the way that people drive in Brazil and the United States. One of the biggest differences between drivers of Brazil and the United States is how they get theRead MoreUnited States Of America ( Usa ) And Brazil1436 Words   |  6 Pagesones that have little to no pollutant like emissions. The nonrenewable resources that I will discuss produce or emit CO2, carbon dioxide, which is in a sense killing our planet. The two countries that I will compare will be the United States of America (USA) and Brazil. Both are the leading consumers of energy in their respective continents as well as the leader in CO2 emissions. I will discuss their industrial and agricultural profiles along with their similarities and differences in fuel sourcesRead MoreSlavery And Self Identification : The United States And Brazil2955 Words   |  12 PagesBonnette POLS 4165 2 February 2015 Slavery and Self Identification in the United States and Brazil Throughout the history of the colonized Americas you will find that slavery played a large role in the success of the countries specifically the United States. With slavery becoming so prominent within the United States we often ignore that most Africans involved in Trans- Atlantic Slave Trade were taken to Brazil. Although Brazil may have one of the largest population of black/ African people livingRead MoreBrazil and the United States: so Different and so Alike. Essay606 Words   |  3 PagesBrazil and the United States: so different and so alike. Brazil can be compared to the United States in several aspects. Both countries have a lot of things in common; however, we can point some differences too. The first thing we’re going to discuss is the way people act in both countries. Brazil prefers collectivism, whereas the United States prefers individualism. This means that, in Brazil, they support group interaction and think it’s really important. The United States differsRead MoreWhy Tobacco Is The United State Of America, Brazil, India, And Turkey1059 Words   |  5 Pageseconomically from 50 degree northern and 40 degree southern. More than 100 counties are growing tobacco like China is growing the most then United State of America, Brazil, India and Turkey. Indonesia grows cultivated which is called by name† bright tobacco† the reason is because of its yellow to orange colour, just like Virginia tobacco after the United State of America. This type of grows mainly subtropical region with light rainfall. In Indonesia this type of tobacco is mostly produced in Lombok

Benefits and Challenges in Group Work-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Group Work at the different levels in the Education System. Answer: Introduction The group work is considered to be important for the learning at the different levels in the education system. There are different scientific approaches for the students to learn and work in the group. As per the research, it has been seen that the groups will help the students with the ability to learn, where the aim is also to understand the current level of knowledge and how the people are able to share their thoughts about a particular topic when it is being discussed in a group. (Burke, 2011). The primary aim for the university students is to give a voice by elucidating the university students to put up their positive and the negative thoughts, while working in the group. The paper is designed to focus on how the students are able to work with the collaborative learning and the other educational activities and to interact with the faculty members for better grades and becoming satisfied with their education. Benefits and challenges Some of the advantages while working in the group are: The groups have the information which is comparatively more than the single person. Here, there are greater resources and information which is available for the variety of backgrounds and the experiences. The group works on the simulation of creativity with regards to the problem solving and handling the applied heads. (Burnett, 2016). The people in the group are able to remember the discussion easily as the output for any discussion comes after many acquisitions and allegations in the group. Hence, the major focus is to present all the instructional formats. The decisions that the students help will bring a better satisfaction as per the research where they are indulged in the group problem solving activity. Here, the members are also more committed to the solutions and are satisfied with the participation in the group than those who are not involved in the same. The students have a comparatively better understanding of where they stand and also with each activity there comes a thought to read more about a topic so that it can further be discussed in the group among the members. (Chiriac, 2014). The team work is highly valued by the students as well as the employees where there is a development of the interpersonal skills with the all-round development that is listed by the different employers. The university works on how the graduates are able to evaluate and work towards the best solution. Some of the challenges which could be identified are group dissonance where some of the members of the group does not will to work together where some of the groups also lack motivation, and the strong leadership. There are some of the personality conflicts which leads to the failure and avoiding the breaking up of the group. Hence, to overcome this, there is a need to focus on certain skill sets with the help of easy communication without any fear. It is necessary in the group to work with disagreements and then find the resolution for the same. The other challenge is to evaluate the group where the aspects of the process need to check on the effectiveness with the group members contribution as a whole. The identification of the aspects and the assessment is mainly to evaluate the effective methods which are important for the future group projects. For the students, the coordination costs are there where there is a need to allocate some time and energy to the group with properly sch eduling the meetings and then matching the time to meet and correspond. The coordination and the motivation leads to missing the deadlines. Hence, it is important to keep the groups small and assign the roles to the different members so that everyone is active enough to complete the task. (Davies, 2009). The active build-up communication and the conflict resolution skills help in designating the time in the project schedule with the group members who try to integrate the different parts. The social loafing also includes how the group members exert less effort with the reduced sense of accountability. The conflict is within the group that erode any of the morale and cause the members to withdraw as well. For this, there is a need to properly assess the group process with the self-evaluations and the other peer evaluations. The intellectual costs are depending upon the demands with reduced creativity and the productivity. The group thinking leads to the conforming of a perceived major ity view with the escalation of commitment to become committed to the planning strategy. The common information effect is set to focus on the information of the members with the unique patterns which are found to be relevant. For the allocators or the teachers, the teaching process skills with the functioning in an effective way is difficult for the strong communication, coordination and handling the conflict resolution skills. Hence, for this, the assessment of the teamwork skills should be done in a pre-planned manner. (Mellor et al., 2016). Factors affecting the success of group work It is important for the management to focus on the potential capacity of the human resources with the high degree of the group loyalty with the effectiveness of the skills of interaction, and the high-performance goals. To build the effective team, the management need to provide with the better environment which is found to be conducive for the team work with the attitude that includes a better support with team efforts and innovation. (Burke, 2011). Hence, some of the factors that affect the success of the group work are: There are some people in the group who become dormant due to their lack of knowledge. They become silent listeners without any ability to communicate with the other team members. Hence, this pressure should be evaluated and every person in the group should be given a chance to speak about his thoughts. The individual might dominate the decision of the other person which directly leads to the members to not gain satisfaction from the groups as they are alienated from the decision-making processes. There are some members who also rely on others for the work. Hence, with this, there are some of the salient problems which need to face the groups. Some members do not pitch in and help rather they try to threaten the other person. For this, the best solution could be to tell the group about the aim and objective of the group discussion and how it will be evaluated based on the thoughts. This would lead to the responsibilities for every member in the group. In the group, it is certain that more time is taken for the discussion, where there is a possibility to never-ending thoughts. Hence, sometimes, the discussion could be eradicated rather the individual thoughts could be considered. (Chiriac, 2014). The factors like leadership and cohesive nature is considered as a major drawback in the group. Some of the formal groups need to focus on how the managers or the supervisors are working as the leaders. The informal groups are selected by consensus where the groups of leadership are influential on the higher quality of the group. The high degree and strength of interpersonal attraction comes among the members where there is a high motivation to achieve the goals of the group. The cohesiveness is based on the loyalty where the compliance is with the group norms, friendliness and the role responsibility for the group efforts and willingness to defend against any undesirable interference. Conclusion The information about the group work is to focus on the collaborative learning, where the students spend the time to meet in groups and are also able to achieve a deep understanding about the learning of the themes. The development of the skills and the writing with communication helps to encourage the students to spend more time with the easy conversations to the team members. (Davies, 2009). With recent trend development, the collaborative learning process is based on using the technology with utilizing the use of the wikis that encourage the participation and group involvement. There are many instructors who make use of the online discussions for face to face classes to foster the participation and engagement. The group work is considered to be greater than the sum of its part, where there is a creation, monitoring and the evaluation of the groups. The process is to supplement the lectures that will help the students to be engaged in the work and develop teamwork skills as well. References Burke, A., 2011. Group Work: How to Use Groups Effectively.Journal of Effective Teaching,11(2), pp.87-95. Burnett, D. 2016.Does working as a group actually help us learn?. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/apr/09/does-working-as-a-group-actually-help-us-learn [Accessed 20 Aug. 2017]. Chiriac, E.H., 2014. Group work as an incentive for learningstudents experiences of group work.Frontiers in psychology,5. Davies, W.M., 2009. Groupwork as a form of assessment: common problems and recommended solutions.Higher Education,58(4), pp.563-584. Mellor A., LaBeouf J., and Rienties B. (2016). Group Work in Academic Settings: An examination of key literature Journal of Studies in University Education 17 (4) 332-353

Cognitive Behavior Therapy free essay sample

Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) addresses dysfunctional emotions, maladaptive behaviors, and cognitive processes. This is an effective treatment for patients who are dealing with anxiety and depression. CBT refers to a group of psychotherapies that incorporate techniques from cognitive therapy and behavior therapy. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are the two psychologists who came up with therapies. Beck developed the cognitive therapy (CT) that focuses on changing the client’s unrealistic maladaptive beliefs and thoughts in order to change the individual’s behavior and emotional state. To help CT is directive collaboration by help teach the client correct their distorted thinking and perception of self, other, and external events. Ellis came up with the Rational Emotive Therapy (RET), based on the assumption people are not disturbed by things but rather than their view of things. The key premise of RET is the people’s difficulties are caused by their faulty expectations and irrational beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Cognitive Behavior Therapy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The key assumptions of the cognitive therapies assume that the reason is due to illogical patterns of thinking. Hockenbury (2014) gives an example on cognitive therapy saying, â€Å"Most people blame their unhappiness and problems on external events or situations, but the real cause of unhappiness is the way the person thinks about the events, not the events themselves. (Ellis, 1991; Ellis Ellis, 2011)(P 592-593). Ellis theory of cognitive behavior, psychological problems are explained by the â€Å"ABC† model of the Activating event (A) occurs, the person’s Beliefs (B) about the event, and emotional Consequences (C). Cognitive- Behavioral therapy can be used in any situation in which there is a pattern of unwanted behavior accompanied by stress and impairment. Many people are recommended treatment option to help change the individuals cognitive patters in order to change his or her behavior and emotional state. CBT target both thoughts and behaviors in therapy. Interventions, Techniques, and/or Exercises For CBT, there are many interventions, techniques, and exercises to help patients uncover and examine their thoughts and also change their behaviors. People with cognitive –behavioral therapy can go see a therapist to receive help. One test is called Validity testing. It is a test the patients are asked to take to test the validity of the automatic thoughts and schemas they encounter. The therapist may then ask the patient to defend or produce evidence to back up that schema. Many therapists also assign their patients to complete different homework assignments. These assignments many consist of real life behavioral experiments where the patient needs to practice responding to different situations in the way discussed in their therapy sessions. Patients should also keep a journal or diary when he or she has any thoughts, feeling, or any type of emotion that arise in specific situations. This journal will help the patients be awake of their maladaptive thoughts. As the patient is towards the later stages of therapy, the journal can be a reminder of positive behaviors and a sign of progress when looking back on reading old journal entries. There are different exercises the therapists can practice with their patients. There is one activity called cognitive rehearsal. The patient is told imagine a difficult situation and the therapist will guide the patient step by step of the process how to face the situation successfully in their head mentally. By doing this exercise, when a situation appears in real life, similar to the one the patient thought of in therapy he or she will remember the correct behavior and how to respond. Similar to this activity is modeling. The therapist and patient will participate in role-playing exercises relating to different scenarios the patient will see in the real world. CBT focuses on the immediate present and specific problems: what and how a person thinks more than why a person thinks that way. Like/ Find effective Goldberg (2012) says, â€Å"The goal of cognitive behavioral therapy is to help a person learn to recognize negative patterns of thought evaluate their validity and replace them with healthier ways of thinking. † I like cognitive-behavioral therapy because treatment can be administered starting at the young age of children and will continue on even till the client is elderly (Dautovich Gunn, 2011; Kazdin, 2004; Weisz Kazdin, 2010) (p 597). Also, I like it because many studies have shown that CBT treatment is very effective for many disorders such as depression, eating disorders, substance abuse, as well as anxiety disorders (Sheldon 2011). The treatment is very clear because it is based on the patient’s experience, it encourages practice and compliance, and the patients have a sense of control. Not only are the sessions collaborative, it empowers the patient by giving him an active role in the process. The treatment is relatively short too compared to other psychotherapy programs (Goldberg 2012). CBT is goal oriented too. Patients working with their therapists are asked to define goals for each session as well as long -term goals. Anyone with a mild or moderate depression can benefit from CBT. Do not like/ Do not find effective I do not like that people can take antidepressants and CBT can be effective in treating major depression. I believe with the help of a therapist, there is no need to put any medication in the body. There are so many application of CBT such as bipolar disorder, anxiety, OCD, PTSD, emotional disorders, eating problems, marital issues, and behavioral medicine that more people are going to need treatment. I think seeing a therapist may be very helpful but others may dislike CBT because they have to talk about their emotions. CBT also focuses on positive thinking which may feel too superficial to the patient. Other people find they do not like the way CBT downplays emotions while overemphasizing the logical components of one’s mental health. Sometimes people do not get the result they desired with CBT in the short amount of time. After the patient is done with the program and no longer has to attend therapy, there is a good possibility can have a relapse who will then need further help. Interaction with cultures This theory, Cognitive Behavioral theory interacts with different cultures other than the dominant (Euro- American) culture. In the report by Voss Horrell (2008) found 12 studies that evaluated the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral interventions with adults from African-American, Asian American, or Hispanic/Latino ethnic minority groups. These studies examined the effectiveness of CBT in the treatment of depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, and substance abuse among ethnic minority individuals. Three of those studies have reported good results for the application of CBT with Hispanic/ Latino women. Voss Horrell, (2008) stated CBT is an effective intervention for Hispanic/Latino women, but there is limited information on its effectiveness with Hispanic/Latino men. CBT can teach Hispanic/ Latino clients to manage environmental factors that cause their emotional distress. Within the past two decades there has been significant advances in the treatment of a number of mental health difficulties common in children and adolescents such as anxiety, conduct problems, and depression. There are currently a number of Evidence- Based Practices (EBP) that have been evaluated in random controlled trials. The majority of research on effective treatment for mental health difficulties in youth pointed to CBT as the most effective. De Arellano (2005) wrote, â€Å"Unfortunately with all the published studies, evidence of the utility of these interventions for Latino youth (both immigrant and native born) is very limited. † There are still many questions that are not answered for the Latino clients. Many people have there own personal preference as to which kind of treatment they would want to receive. There are cases in which culturally based adaptations are not supported firsthand. Also in studies it documents that the original treatment can lead to equally beneficial outcomes for minority and nonminority clients. Many people of color indicate a preference for treatments that include cultural adaptations as a component. Over 80% of African- American women stated a preference for culturally modified CBT even though the outcome results demonstrated that there were no significant differences between the modified and standard treatments. It appears that treatment may be more acceptable to minority clients. When working with a client of any background, any steps to make treatment more comfortable should be encouraged. In the future If I had more time to peruse this theory of Cognitive Behavior Theory in the future, I would want to research more on different cultures and what they believe the best therapy worked best for them. I am curious to see how many people around the world have received treatment for CBT and if it worked. I would want to read about people from other cultures and their experiences as they went through therapy. Also, if I had more time would want to research CBT and compare and contrast with other therapies such as Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy because they have similarities. I think it would be really interesting to read about all the different techniques each theory does for treatment.

Sexual Assault Investigation an Example of the Topic Psychology Essays by

Sexual Assault Investigation Sexual assault is one of the most under reported crimes. Both men and women can become victims of sexual assault, although all related statistics are associated with women. Sexual assault is a broad classification for all unaccepted sexual advances or exhibition of sexual desires. It differs from rape which is the gratification of sexual desire by force. The National Crime Victimization Survey data suggests about half a million people had been sexually assaulted between the years 1992-93. More recent surveys like that for 2001, estimates there were around 249,000 sexual assault victims for that year (Online Lawyer, 2008). However these figures are presumed to be too less due to the underreporting factor. A 1992 study suggests that only about 16% of the sexual assaults are brought to the police. Need essay sample on "Sexual Assault Investigation" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed The main reason for victims to shy away from reporting these cases is perhaps to avoid the embarrassment of being talked about it in the neighborhood, the media or at least being asked to narrate the happenings before a jury. Although sexual assault is an underreported crime it is however possible for anyone to falsely raise charges of sexual assault, even without any evidence. A charge of sexual assault on someone can be very damaging and can even devastate ones life. Thus sexual assault investigations are very crucial, particularly when the suspect denies charges; and physical evidences are very important in the investigations. The evidences collected against the offender are of varying nature like material evidence, biological evidence, medical evidence etc. and requires the expertise of physicians, laboratory technicians and crime scene investigators to compile them. It has been overwhelmingly observed that most sexual assaults and rapes are committed by people well known to the victim. This aspect of rape has considerable bearing on the investigation and prosecution of the perpetrators (Kilpatrick, 2000). As the identity of the perpetrators are known to the victims in most cases, the investigation here need not be focused on the identification of the suspect or perpetrators. In most cases, the perpetrator would proclaim that the act wasnt a rape, but only a consensual sex. Therefore the investigation should be more directed to counter this position. Known offenders adopt such a stand as it is difficult for them to plead a case of mistaken identity. To prove a sexual act as a case of rape and not a consensual decision, the victim needs to show proof of physical injuries (Estrich, 1987). As most rape victims actually dont receive major physical injuries, the investigators and prosecutors face a difficult task, as absence of injuries is generally p erceived as consenting. Forensic examination may highlight physical injuries that are relevant to forced rape, which may then be used as evidence. The crime investigating officer, at the location of the sexual assault or rape, needs to primarily look to the requirements of the victim, like medical help. The officer needs to interact with the victim and try to boost her morale and confidence, particularly when the victim is in a state of shock or even hysteric. At the initial stage of the rape investigation, the investigator should look for any physical material of the attacker present with the victim. Generally a rape victim would tear the clothes of her attacker, scratch and scar his face or even pull his hair. Thus there is always a chance of the assailants hair, clothes or blood stains on the victim, particularly on her hands and under the nails. It is important to have the clothing of the victim sent for analysis, at the earliest possible, but care should be taken here to ensure that the victim is comfortable and not pained by further embarrassment. The evidence material must be gathered, handled and packed carefully before it is sent to the lab for forensic analysis. The number of people handling the evidence should be minimum and the investigator needs to fix his initials to the evidence for its accuracy. Semen and hair are very valuable physical evidences. A medical examination is part of the rape investigation and should be carried out by a specialist in forensic medicine. The victim would mostly insist on a personal physician performing the exam, which should be strongly discouraged; as personal and private physicians would not have rape investigation experience, or be able to testify in a court to get a conviction. The medical examination would include visual examination of vagina and determination of tissue damage (ASU, 2006). The presence or absence of a rapists sperm is concluded by carrying out a pap smear test. When rape results in the death of the victim, then the examination should also include anus, mouth etc. A forensic medical examination considers a victims body, as a crime scene. Based on the victims version of the incidents, the forensic team collects evidence which can prove, the identity of the perpetrator, and that rape had occurred. When the suspect denies any sexual act with the victim, then DNA or other appropriate material evidence is collected which can prove that the suspect had committed the sexual act. Claims of consensual sex cannot be countered easily and proof of physical injuries is one of the few ways to counter such claims. Newer technology enhances detection of physical injuries, like the use of colposcope. The colposcope is generally used by gynecologists for observation of vulvar or vaginal diseases. The colposcope provides a 30 time magnification of areas like anus, vulva or vagina. Injuries like abrasions and tears that are not visible to the naked eye are observed with the colposcope. Earlier rape examinations without colposcope could establish evidence of genit al injuries in about 19 to 28% of cases. Now with the colposcope about 87% of genital trauma can be established. Crime scene processing involves examining, identifying, recording and collection of physical evidence based on which comparisons, recognition and individualization are later made. Considerable care should be given when evidences are collected and preserved. As plastic enclosures cause moisture formation, all evidence items should be air dried in a room, before packing. This can prevent fungal and bacterial growth. Dry items which are possible biological evidences need to be wrapped first in a clean paper, then put in a paper bag. When biological stains are formed in materials like cloths or rubber, and the items need to be folded prior to packing, then care should be taken to ensure that the specimen area is not folded. Otherwise, the biological material may be damaged and DNA testing would become difficult (Savino, Turvey and Baeza). Solid objects bearing biological material evidence, must have clean paper covering it and sealing the stained area, to prevent contamination or dilutio n of evidence. Victims of a sexual assault need to be brought to a medical facility within 72 hours of incident, where a SANE (Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner) conducts the medical examination. In case the victim is brought after 72 hours, it would help if the victim has not changed clothes or has not showered. It has been established that the best evidence of assault could be gathered when the victim reports within 12 hours of the incident. The evidence collection procedure of the SANE has evolved over the years as a consequence of interactions with investigators, crime lab specialists and attorneys. Today, the collection of evidence is more complete and valid and contributes immensely in charging a suspect. The forensic examiner also collects blood and saliva samples of the victim to differentiate it from that of the perpetrator. Sometimes an extra blood sample of victim may be required for alcohol or drug analysis. This is required when perpetrators claim victims to have agreed under the influence of alcohol or had agreed to have sex in exchange of drugs. When sperm or seminal fluid of the offender is not seen in the victim, then too rape shouldnt be ruled as studies have shown that a good percentage of rapists are sexually dysfunctional or use condoms. Nowadays seminal fluid evidence is more used in determining DNA evidence linking to the suspect. Seminal fluid can also be investigated for prostatic specific acid phosphatase (PAP 30) which are highly concentrated in seminal fluids compared to vaginal fluids. Genital trauma evidence can not only support the victims version of the incident, but also prove that force was indeed used. The position of the genital trauma is related to the body position of the victim during the assault. For instance, when there is injury to external vaginal opening, the woman is most likely to have been raped in missionary position. When a semi-circular cut or scratch is observed in the inner vaginal wall, then a digital penetration is supported (Ledray, 1999). The colposcope plays a vital role in genital trauma examination. Although genital trauma indicates use of force, absence of genital trauma should not be considered as consensual sex. Physical evidence collected in rape cases are directed towards establishing occurrence of penetration, establishing occurrence of nonconsensual sex and establishing identity of the perpetrator. The absence of seminal fluid may also be attributed to several causes like suspect not ejaculating in the vagina, or the medical examination was done after a long time after rape, or the doctor having failed to take a proper sample. Occasionally seminal fluid from a consensual sex would be present, while that from a rape would be absent. In such cases seminal fluid typing would be carried out. Evidences like torn or soiled clothing, bruises, cuts, plucked hair indicate fight or struggle during intercourse, and hence rape (Fischer, 2003). Finger prints, palm prints and even foot prints are valuable clues that help to nail the assailant. Fingerprints from beer cans, cigarettes etc. are required to identify the assailant. For drug aided sexual assault, blood and urine samples are crucial evidence s. Victims who suspect the use of drugs, should not empty their bladders. Substances like GHB (gamma hydroxybutrate) which can easily make a victim unconscious, is eliminated from the blood within six hours but would be detectable in urine after that. When any pills or suspicious powder are found at the rape scene, the investigator should not ignore these. Although physical evidence collection and forensic analysis can help in identifying the assailant, investigators need to be aware of the circumstances and situations to profile the assaulter. As sexual assault are committed on people of both sexes, children, adults and elders; investigators should look for appropriate physical evidences. Similarly experience and expertise is required to identify a serial rape case based on evidence similarity and additional evidence recognition. In child molestation cases, physical evidence are much lesser, and signs like nightmares, bedwetting and urinary infections are considered symptoms of child molestation. Investigators can only look for clues on the childs dress worn during the last assault, if it has not been washed. Beyond this, the investigators are totally dependent on medical observations. Child abuse is identified based on the observations of the pediatrician (Fischer, 2003). Strange bruises, broken bones as revealed by X-rays are import ant to the investigation. Sometimes unhygienic conditions and under nourishment may also be associated. For homosexual assaults, a SANE examines the rectum and takes a swab sample for presence of semen. Here medical examination can not only reveal whether sodomy had occurred, but also confirm if the victim was accustomed to it. Presence of lubricant or feces traces also need to be looked on clothing. To make investigation and prosecution of rape cases more effective, the collective effort and cooperation of several agencies are required. The agencies involved in the investigation and prosecution of sexual assault include the medical personnel, law enforcement personnel, prosecution, correction and victim recovery services. The services are interrelated and a reporting at any point would get all the agencies into action. REFERENCES Augusta State University, Department of Public Safety, Investigating and processing a sexual assault rape call: Initial Steps. (2006) [Electronic Version]. Online Lawyer Source. (2008) Sexual assault victims [Electronic Version] Kilpatrick D.G., National Violence Against Women Prevention Research Center. Rape and sexual Assault (2000) [Electronic Version]. Downloaded on 2nd June 2008 from http://www.musc.edu/vawprevention/research/sa.shtml Fischer B.A., Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation CRC Press. (2003) Ledray. L., Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE). Development and Operation Guide, U.S department of Justice, Office of Victims of Crime. (1999) Estrich, S., Real rape. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (1987) Savino J.O., Turvey B.E., and Baeza J.J., Rape Investigation Handbook Academic Press (2004)

How to Use Sentence Fragments Effectively

How to Use Sentence Fragments Effectively Most writing handbooks insist that incomplete sentencesor fragmentsare errors that need to be corrected. As Toby Fulwiler and Alan Hayakawa say in The Blair Handbook (Prentice Hall, 2003), The problem with a fragment is its incompleteness. A sentence expresses a complete idea, but a fragment neglects to tell the reader either what it is about (the subject) or what happened (the verb) (p. 464). In formal writing, the proscription against using fragments often makes good sense. But not always. In both fiction and nonfiction, the sentence fragment may be used deliberately to create a variety of powerful effects. Fragments of Thought Midway through J. M. Coetzees novel Disgrace (Secker Warburg, 1999), the main character experiences shock as the result of a brutal attack at his daughters house. After the intruders leave, he attempts to come to terms with what has just occurred: It happens every day, every hour, every minute, he tells himself, in every quarter of the country. Count yourself lucky to have escaped with your life. Count yourself lucky not to be a prisoner in the car at this moment, speeding away, or at the bottom of a donga with a bullet in your head. Count Lucy lucky too. Above all Lucy.A risk to own anything: a car, a pair of shoes, a packet of cigarettes. Not enough to go around, not enough cars, shoes, cigarettes. Too many people, too few things. What there is must go into circulation, so that everyone can have a chance to be happy for a day. That is the theory; hold to this theory and to the comforts of theory. Not human evil, just a vast circulatory system, to whose workings pity and terror are irrelevant. That is how one must see life in this country: in its schematic aspect. Otherwise one could go mad. Cars, shoes; women too. There must be some niche in the system for women and what happens to them. reflect the characters efforts to make sense of the harsh, disruptive experience. The sense of incompleteness conveyed by the fragments is deliberate and quite effective. Narrative and Descriptive Fragments In Charles Dickenss The Pickwick Papers (1837), rascally Alfred Jingle tells a macabre tale that today would probably be labeled an urban legend. Jingle relates the anecdote in a curiously fragmented fashion: Heads, headstake care of your heads! cried the loquacious stranger, as they came out under the low archway, which in those days formed the entrance to the coach-yard. Terrible placedangerous workother dayfive childrenmothertall lady, eating sandwichesforgot the archcrashknockchildren look roundmothers head offsandwich in her handno mouth to put it inhead of a family offshocking, shocking! Jingles narrative style calls to mind the famous opening of Bleak House (1853), in which Dickens devotes three paragraphs to an impressionistic description of a London fog: fog in the stem and bowl of the afternoon pipe of the wrathful skipper, down in his close cabin; fog cruelly pinching the toes and fingers of his shivering little prentice boy on deck. In both passages, the writer is more concerned with conveying sensations and creating a mood than in completing a thought grammatically. The Series of Illustrative Fragments Pale druggists in remote towns of the Epworth League and flannel nightgown belts, endlessly wrapping up bottles of Peruna. . . . Women hidden away in the damp kitchens of unpainted houses along the railroad tracks, frying tough beefsteaks. . . . Lime and cement dealers being initiated into the Knights of Pythias, the Red Men or the Woodmen of the World. . . . Watchmen at lonely railroad crossings in Iowa, hoping that theyll be able to get off to hear the United Brethren evangelist preach. . . . Ticket-sellers in the subway, breathing sweat in its gaseous form. . . . Farmers plowing sterile fields behind sad meditative horses, both suffering from the bites of insects. . . . Grocery-clerks trying to make assignations with soapy servant girls. . . . Women confined for the ninth or tenth time, wondering helplessly what it is all about. . . . Methodist preachers retired after forty years of service in the trenches of God, upon pensions of $600 a year. Collected rather than connected, such brief fragmented examples offer snapshots of sadness and disappointment. Fragments and Crots Different as these passages are, they illustrate a common point: fragments arent inherently bad. Though a strictly prescriptive grammarian might insist that all fragments are demons waiting to be exorcised, professional writers have looked more kindly on these ragged bits and pieces of prose. And they have found some imaginative ways to use fragments effectively. Over 30 years ago, in An Alternate Style: Options in Composition (now out of print), Winston Weathers made a strong case for going beyond strict definitions of correctness when teaching writing. Students should be exposed to a wide range of styles, he argued, including the variegated, discontinuous, fragmented forms used to great effect by Coetzee, Dickens, Mencken, and countless other writers. Perhaps because fragment is so commonly equated with error, Weathers reintroduced the term crot, an archaic word for bit, to characterize this deliberately chopped-up form.The language of lists, advertising, blogs, text messages. An increasingly common style. Like any device, often overworked. Sometimes inappropriately applied. So this isnt a celebration of all fragments. Incomplete sentences that bore, distract, or confuse readers should be corrected. But there are moments, whether under the archway or at a lonely railroad crossing, when fragments (or crots or verbless sentences) work just fine. Indeed, better than fine. Also see: In Defense of Fragments, Crots, and Verbless Sentences.

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 13

Law - Essay Example The social control theory can fit this scenario. This theory tries to explain why people do not engage in criminal activities. Being close to other members of the social group can make someone not to become a criminal. This is because people who belong to the same social group may find solutions that affect them in their daily routine. They may also have some conventional rules that can ensure they live together in harmony. This theory is applicable to this scenario since workers belong to the same social group and therefore they know what they need to do in order to avoid crimes. The state senator that is a go between the workers do divide them has his agenda that may not concur with their rights. He thinks that dividing them would establish a good condition for the workers but in the real sense, it does not . An implication of the theory is that it was intended to create harmony in the society given that the conditions were fulfilled. When the senator assures the donors that their work will not be interfered with by the union workers gives them the go-ahead to do what they want with the workers. The donors who are the major investors may turn up to humiliate the workers in what may be termed as the modern slavery. This is because the workers will have no one to give their complaints. They may end up doing a lot of work in very poor conditions. Their work may also be not compensated with a good wage. This kind of crime that the senator commits towards the labor sector deserves a lengthy punishment.